Water for paddy fields irrigation is getting scarcer in Guilan. water input can be reduce by reducing ponded water depths to another water managements. The research was conducted a RCB design with 4 treatments and 3 replications at rice research Institute of Iran, Rasht in one rice variety consisted of Hashemi. The results over this and another research of Hashemi variety showed, water saving was on average 40% with yields reductions of only 10%. Water Productivity and Water Use Efficiency were 0.28-0.75 and 0.29-0.92 Kg grain per water. Total rice production can be increased by using water saved in one location to irrigation new paddy field in another. If this is not done, a strategy of saving water at the field level potentially threatens total rice production at large.

The increasing of paddy production has environmental impact because paddy cultivation contributes to 46. 2% of the total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. The paddy cultivation emission amounted to 76% of methane. Meanwhile, the grain produced by paddy consists of 16. 3% to 28% husk with 18 to 22. 3% silica. Silica contained in the soil can increase the oxidation power of paddy root, thus it will reduce methane emissions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the reduction of methane emission from paddy field by using silica from rice husk. This research used an experiment with randomized block design based on eight treatments with three repetitions. The dose of biosilica was equal to 200 kg ha of ameliorant in the form of ash, biochar, and compost. The methane analysis was carried out in 1, 5, 8, 12, and 15 weeks after planting. The methane was analized by GC with FID. Results showed that the ash produced from rice husk was the best single source of biosilica in paddy soil that can reduce methane emissions by 80. 75%. The composition of ash, biochar, and compost (1: 1: 1) could increase the paddy growth and paddy production and reduce methane emissions effectively. The methane emission was reduced by adding silica to the soil through the dissolved silica mechanism. The dissolved silica increased pH and the root oxidation power of paddy.

Cultivation of rice is the main agricultural activity in the northern provinces of Iran, including Mazandaran and Gilan, and the livelihood of most of the residents of these two provinces is tied to this crop. Not so long ago, all rice cultivation activities were done manually and due to the low working speed and the one-time opportunity to plant, it had created certain culturally related activities,including singing local songs while working and the tradition of Kayir1. In some occasions, even by passers took a few minutes to help the owner of the land. These customs would create a good opportunity for agritourism. Agritourism, a combination of the two words Agri and Tourism, includes the agricultural activities that invite tourists. Agritourism makes it possible for tourists to get to know the native culture and customs of that land, in addition to experiencing the desired activity. Besides creating objective landscapes such as diversity in size, shape and color, rice cultivation is a retelling of the common culture of the land in a time frame of less than six months, and watching any landscape through the said time frame creates a subjective landscape and an accurate understanding of time in people. Shalizar2 provides a good opportunity for tourists to see customs and traditions, and to experience all kinds of scenery along with doing all kinds of activities. The subjective landscape of the paddy field includes all the customs and traditions related to the activities of the rice farmers during the stages of land preparation, planting, sowing and harvesting, which happen in a time interval of less than six months. In addition, seeing each of the sights would have given the viewer a precise understanding of time because each activity represented a specific point of time in this six-month period: Land preparation with a view of vast fields full of water in late March and early April,The green landscape of the planted land before the clustering from the end of April to the middle of July,The landscape of green spikes from mid-July to mid-August,A golden landscape with hanging spikes until the middle of September (Paiezeh-maah3),And the landscape of the remaining stalks after harvesting the crop after September. But what is happening today, with the increase of the speed of carrying out different steps, using precocious varieties of rice and benefiting from new machinery, has caused a high percentage of farmers to switch to second cultivation and the cycle of activities related to paddy fields happens twice. The mechanization of activities, the presence of less manpower and the acceleration of time have caused the disappearance of the culture and customs related to rice farming, and have also distorted the subjective landscape in understanding time. For example, golden spikes of rice are seen in some fields next to newly planted fields, confounding the traditional understanding of time. Another damage caused by the replanting of rice is the burning of the stalk residue, which causes environmental pollution in the time frame between the two crops and destroys the attraction of tourism in the space. Fortunately, in some areas where it is difficult for agricultural machinery to enter due to various reasons, including the slope of the land, the same old habits are still going on, and it is hoped that by reviving the ancient culture of paddy fields, agritourism in those areas can be boosted.

It is of essential importance to study sustainable agriculture and its associated sub-systems, aiming at a better understanding of their situation, and formulating suitable strategies and plans to achieve a sustainable agricultural development. Conducted, with open and in-depth interviews in Haraz basin area in northern Iran, this case study has reviewed the situation of the paddy field system dominated over there in terms of a systems approach, based on a sustainable agricultural framework, in an interaction with social, economic, natural, and political environments. As shown by the results, it appears that there has never been a sustainable situation of the paddy field system in the area, and the continuation of present trends might lead to an increased unsustainability. A number of specific suggestions and comments are therefore presented in this respect.

Many theories are found for subsurface drainage system design (Kumar et al., 2013). These were formulated by some of the soil characteristics that are important in designing and operating drainage systems. Most of these formulas have simplified and just involved flow parameters or assumed soil media as a maximum of two layers. In paddy fields, used equations for water table depth prediction have no accordance with field condition. Due to specific flow situations in these fields, much difference was observed in results (Darzi-Naftchali et al., 2013). The differences were because of special layered soil in paddy fields and soil hydraulic characteristics, hardpan layer existence formed in long cultivation and tillage, its effect on flow, and of course, lack of a suitable formula for these fields. So, designing rules for subsurface drainage in paddy fields needs investigation and implementation of new relations to predict the flow pattern suitably. Determination of design criteria and suitable formulas needed to predict flow network around drain tubes. Jafari-Talukolaee et al. (2017) reported in predicting water table profile between bilevel subsurface drainage in paddy fields due to the existence of resistance in vertical flow direction based on soil layers, and field results have no suitable agreement with analytical solution. Darzi-Naftchali et al. (2013), analyzing the effect of subsurface drainage systems on water balance and water table in paddy fields for a successive rice and canola cultivation season, obtained that shallow drainage systems were more influenced than deep drainage systems in water table control. The flow pattern of water towards the drain tube and the components of the flow network are the basis of the drainage system design. By determining the flow path towards the drains and the water table profile variation, the distance and depth of the drains in paddy fields can be determined with greater accuracy.

Actinomycetes have garnered attention in recent decades for their antimicrobial properties and potential as substitutes for chemical pesticides and fertilizers. These microorganisms address the urgent need for new drugs due to the increasing resistance of pathogens to existing treatments. This study focuses on the isolation, identification, and evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of actinomycetes from paddy fields and rice plants. Actinomycetes were tested against seven pathogenic bacteria: drug-resistant and sensitive strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Antibiotic activity was detected in seven isolates using the agar well diffusion method. All seven isolates (100%) inhibited drug-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, while four isolates (57.1%) were active against drug-sensitive Pseudomonas aeruginosa, three isolates (42.9%) against Klebsiella pneumoniae, and one isolate (14.3%) each against drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Molecular screening using PCR revealed the presence of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) (100%), polyketide synthase type I (PKS-I) (21.6%), and type II (PKS-II) (83.8%) genes in the isolated actinomycetes. Among the 37 actinomycete isolates, 12 (32.4%) were from the soil, and 25 (67.6%) were from rice plants. The study also categorized the isolates based on different rice plant varieties, with Tarom Pakootah contributing the most (64%) to the actinomycete population. This study highlights the role of actinomycetes in combating antibiotic resistance and their potential in agricultural biotechnology. Their production of valuable bioactive compounds, like polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides, makes them important for pharmaceutical and agro-industrial uses. Further studies should focus on optimizing cultivation and assessing commercial viability.

Background and Objective: Cercarial dermatitis (CD) or swimmer’s itch is a hypersensitive reaction to the skin penetration of avian and herbivorous schistosomes, esp. genus Trichobilharzia. Owing to presence of both intermediate and final host of this parasite in North of Iran, we aimed at determining the prevalence of CD among paddy-field workers in central areas of Mazandaran Province.Material and Methods: To perform this descriptive-cross sectional study, we refer to bird refuges of migrating water and Paddy-field around manmade ponds of Babol, Sari, Ghaemshahr and Savadkoh districts. The Hand and foot of the farmers were examined clinically for detection of infected people and their signs and symptoms were recorded on a sheet of paper.Results: Based on the results, 77.5 % of the workers suffer from CD. All of them are males and the majority of them are indigenous.Conclusion: High prevalence of Cercarial dermatitis among paddy-field workers led to a health dilemma. Thus, by increasing awareness of farmers, implementing suitable approaches, controlling the disease and sanitizing the contaminated areas can promote health situation.

Subsurface drainage is constructed in the paddy fields with the purpose of drying of land at the time of rice harvest, mid-season drainage and lowering water level after the rice harvest. Most drainage equations have been developed for non-paddy land. However, given the unique special conditions of paddy fields in Guilan province (due to heavy textured soils with low permeability, heavy rain and shallow impermeable layer) compared to non-paddy lands, therefore introduced the equation that is most compatible with these conditions. So in this study, steady and unsteady equations were evaluated in estimating space of subsurface drainage for a second crop after rice harvest. Drainage treatments included: six conventional subsurface drainage systems including drainage system with drain depth of 0. 8m and drain spacing of 7. 5m (L7. 5D0. 8), drain depth of 0. 8m and drain spacing of 10m (L10D0. 8), and drain depth of 0. 8m and drain spacing of 15m (L15D0. 8), drain depth of 1m and drain spacing of 7. 5m (L7. 5D1), drain depth of 1m and drain spacing of 10m (L10D1), and drain depth of 1m and drain spacing of 15m (L15D1). From the rainfall occurred during the experiment, a three-day rainfall with a mean value of 23. 9mm was selected for decision on the best equation. The equation that estimated the drainage space in the above rainfall with the least deviation from the best drainage treatment was chosen as the best drainage equation. The results showed that Ernst-Hooghoudt equation and Bouwer and Van Schilfgaarde equation combined with Hooghoudt equation estimated drainage space with the least deviations from the best drainage treatment (L10D0. 8) and were selected as the best equations in the second cultivation season and the Delroix equation was introduced as the weakest equation in the design of subsurface drainage for paddy field in order to provide suitable conditions for the second cultivation.